A Study on Group Theory and Learning

It is apparent that the definition of a group has non been agreed on by most bookmans. As most people to a great extent emphasize on the common ends or the mutuality of its members, offering a subjective definition. In all this changing analysis, it is agreed that groups are made up of two or more persons. The definition of group offered by Brown ( 2000, p.3 ) â€Å" a group exits when two or more people define themselves as members of it and its being is recognized by at least one other † . Groups have existed and evolved with adult male and are seldom without issues. Groups all around the universe are confronted with similar issues, irrespective of its geographical location. Most of these issues may originate in the forming and ramping phases of group formation ( Bruce Wayne Tuckman, phases of group development ) , though some of these issues may besides harvest up in the latter phases of the group. There are many different theories of how people learn. Burns ( 1995, p99 ) conceives of larning as a comparatively lasting alteration in behavior with behavior including both discernible activity and internal procedures such as thought, attitudes and emotions. It is apparent that motive has been included in Burns ‘ definition of larning. Burns considers that larning might non attest itself in discernible behavior until sometime after the educational plan has taken topographic point. Harmonizing to Kolb ( 1995 ) , people learn in four ways with the likeliness of developing one manner of larning more than another. He said one can larn through: concrete experience observation and contemplation abstract conceptualization active experimentation The thought that people learn in different ways has been explored by many research workers. Honey and Mumford ( 1986 cited in McGill & A ; Beaty 1995 p.177 ) edifice on Kolb ‘s work, identified four larning manners: Activist ( enjoys the experience itself ) , Reflector ( spends a great trade of clip and attempt reflecting ) Theorist ( good at doing connexions and abstracting thoughts from experience ) Pragmatist ( enjoys the planning phase ) Motivation â€Å" Has to make with a set of independent variables relationship that explain the way, aptitude and continuity of an person ‘s behavior, keeping changeless the effects of aptitude, accomplishment and apprehension of the undertaking, and restraints runing in the environment. ( Campbell and Pritchard 1976 ) . It is believed that the demand and motivation of a individual is what pushes him /her to act in a certain manner. Therefore an person ‘s ends and aspirations in life can function as a determiner in the manner the individual behaves. However this ends and aspirations differ from one individual to the other. Harmonizing to Buchanan and Huczynski ( 2004 ) motive can be explored in three distinguishable positions viz. ends, determinations and influence. Goals serve as the chief motivation of our behavior. Therefore the ends and aspirations or what a individual wants to accomplish will do an person to act in a certain mode to accomplish that peculiar end. E.g. If a individual wants to go a medical physician in future that individuals behaviour and political orientations will all be geared towards the accomplishment of this peculiar end. Decisions the second on the perspective list negotiations about why we choose to prosecute certain ends. For case if we should take the MBA category as an illustration and inquire what motivates each pupil to analyze, it will involvement you to cognize that we will acquire many replies. For some pupils it is the expected wages that they will acquire after their class like publicity, pay rise etc. for other pupils it could be the position acknowledgment of acquiring alphabets at the terminal of their names, whiles others derive satisfaction from larning or wonder. This is what is being described as the â€Å" Cognitive determination – devising † procedures act uponing an person ‘s pick of ends. The 3rd on the perspective list is that of influence which talks about what and how to actuate an person to work harder here accent is laid on societal influence.WHAT MOTIVATED ME TO STUDY A MASTERS DEGREE AT BANGOR.Working for Vodafone, a telecommunication company, I had the chance to work with the operations director, a adult male who had attained his Masters in Business Administration. Under his supervising, he demonstrated a high degree of public presentation which was obviously seen in his structured attack to determination devising. He approached new challenges that confronted him in a strategic mode and executed undertakings efficaciously by achieving ends from company processs and procedures. I have since so been motivated by the worth of managerial cognition and accomplishments that where displayed by the operations director, animating me to offer a graduate student grade in Business Administration. In explicating my motive in the visible radiation of Vroom ‘s anticipation theory, with the underlying subject which states that motive depends on â€Å" how much we want something and how likely we think we are to acquire it † Griffin and Moorhe ( 2007, p.98 ) and which revolves around the three cardinal variables of valency ( the value of the expected wages ) , anticipation ( the believe that attempt will take to public presentation ) and instrumentality ( the believe that the public presentation will take to a coveted result ) . In detecting the operations director my first reaction was to derive such managerial accomplishments and I knew I had a sensible opportunity of accomplishing it. In using the three variables ( valency, instrumentality and anticipation ) I believed that my attempts to inscribe in a maestro ‘s grade will give to the attainment of Masterss in concern disposal and comprehending that there was a high chance that the Masterss in concern disposal will ensue in geting the managerial accomplishments. In malice of the utility in utilizing Vroom ‘s anticipation theory to explicate motive, harmonizing to Griffin and Moore ( 2007 ) it has been to a great extent criticized about its complexness and how hard it is to prove. Furthermore research workers find the relationship among its variables less scientific, doing it hard to look into. Another short approach of this theory is that it non applicable in topographic points where people think God causes the result of every single behavior. Example Muslim states. However, I think the theory has been really utile in explicating the construct of motive and besides giving directors really of import guidelines in understanding the employee and how he can be motivated. As it is justly said by Nicol Morgan ( Granfell Investment Management ) â€Å" motive is non about money, it was about making an environment in which people enjoyed working † .The motive to offer my Masterss in Bangor University out of a host of Universities both in The United land and The United States of America, Bangor offered an first-class repute as a Centre for concern surveies, by chalking success in the 2008 UK authorities ‘s Research Assessment Exercise, by puting foremost. It besides proved to be a universe category research Centre and a staff with strong international experience all packaged in an enabling environment for acquisition. In regard to Herzberg ‘s motivator-hygiene theory, Bangor University was able to fulfill my hygiene demands by offering basic installations such as a school library, stocked with up- to- day of the month academic resources, adjustment installations for international pupils and besides supplying a safe acquisition environment. The proviso of such installations did non actuate me, but instead prevented me from being dissatisfied, cognizing that such installations are available in most Universities. My motive to analyze at Bangor came approximately when the university met my higher degrees demands, by turn outing to be a universe category research Centre, been among the extremely graded concern schools in the UK and supplying a really international instruction staff, to assist derive cognition and experience all over the universe from a wider position. This is shown in the diagram below A ) HYGIENE FACTORS1. Library Facility2. ACCOMODATION FACILITIES3. SAFE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTBangorUniversity1. HIGHLY RANKED2. WORLD CLASS RESEARCH3. INTERNATIONAL STAFF B ) Incentive ( DZANIE 2010 ) Like any other theory, Herzberg two factor theory has besides suffered unfavorable judgments. Harmonizing to Mullins ( 2005 ) the theory is said to use least to persons with unskilled occupations which are humdrum in range. As they are those who mostly present direction with issues of motive. Nevertheless I believe the theory has been utile in understanding motive non merely in the work topographic point but besides to our day-to-day lives.MY Approach TO LEARNINGMy larning attack to surveies has chiefly been the memorisation of facts, without associating the cognition acquired to any experience. From my secondary school through to my undergraduate survey, I have ever been a surface scholar. Where the chief focal point was merely to follow what the course of study demanded. This learning manner was rather effectual because in my educational life accent was laid much more on closed ended scrutiny than giving out regular assignments. However, in a different acquisition environment and more particularly in my Masters degree taking a deep acquisition attack will be good. Though hard, holding been a surface scholar, seting down my old theoretical account of larning to a deep scholar will intend an active engagement in the class work, obtaining a practical apprehension of theories and constructs and holding a critical head set in work outing jobs. All these properties of a deep scholar will develop and fit me with the necessary accomplishments to associate my acquired cognition in MBA to the of all time increasing challenges in the corporate universe. Second, my pick of being a deep scholar is farther strengthened by the undermentioned factors ; a ) The teacher pupil relationship: The larning relationship between talks and their pupils have a dominating influence on how pupils approach larning. For illustration in a acquisition establishment where instructors do non put much accent on assignments and instead stress more on closed ended appraisals, pupils are likely to a adopt a surface attack to larning. A survey conducted by Kember as cited in Tight et Al, ( 2009 ) on how Asiatic pupils learn, showed that the pupils approach to larning was consistent with the appraising demands of pupils by their instructors. In my experience of larning at the undergraduate surveies, lectors require pupils to memorise talk notes and to regurgitate the words of the lector in their concluding tests, obliging most pupils to prosecute in surface acquisition. This attack to larning in the local idiom is termed â€Å" chaw, pour, base on balls and forget † . Deciding to take a deep attack to acquisition was influenced by the instructor pupil relationship in Bangor University.Lectureres in the University require pupils to prosecute in a deep degree of acquisition, associating theory to existent life experiences, measuring and analysing theories and constructs to do intending out of it, as against merely the memorisation and reproduction of talk notes. B ) The work burden of classs Prosecuting in a deep acquisition attack is influenced by my cognition of work involved in each class. In their analysis Entwistle & A ; Ramsden ( 1983 ) as cited in Tight et Al, ( 2009 ) established that pupils are likely to prosecute in surface, strategic or deep acquisition, depending on the grade of work burden that is accompanied with the class. A surface larning attack is adopted when pupils perceive a high grade of work burden in their classs, as there is no clip to prosecute in deep acquisition. A relevant illustration will be the decrease of the concern faculties from 12 to eight. Students might hold been forced to prosecute in surface or strategic acquisition because of the of all time increasing work load from their classs, go forthing them with small or no clip to prosecute in deep acquisition. A restructure of the class this academic twelvemonth have reduced the work load well, and this will give me the clip and chance to prosecute in deep acquisition. degree Celsius ) The learning establishment Furthermore my attack is progressively shaped by the learning establishment. I.e. Bangor University. As it is justly said by californium Barnett ( 1990 cited in Tight et Al, 2009, p.12 ) â€Å" The features of deep attack to larn can be seen to reflect what are by and large held to be purposes of higher instruction † . During the initiation subdivision held by the University of Bangor, pupils were briefed by senior lectors about what is expected of them by the University. Students were advised and encouraged to prosecute in critical thought, avoid doing premises and analyze an statement, looking for failing in the arguement.Also pupils where asked non to reproduce talk notes or regurgitate what the talk has said, a feature of surface acquisition, but instead pulling from other beginnings like relevant text books and academic diaries and most significantly abstaining from illicitly copying some 1s work as yours, an act of plagiarism. The University has hence put in topographic point constructions to promote deep attack to acquisition by supplying the necessary academic resources such as the library, entree to internet and diaries to enable pupils to prosecute in serious academic work by being deep scholars and non surface scholar. In a nutshell, my determination to a deep acquisition attack can be illustrated in Ramsden ( 2003 ) Student larning in context diagram. My orientation to larning My old educational experience as a surface scholar. The context of larning in the new environment 1. Opened ended appraisal. 2. Synergistic lectors. The acquisition result is: long term memory and holistic apprehension of the class 2. My determination to follow a Deep Approach to Learning My perceptual experience of the work burden, what is required of me as a pupil from the Lecturers and Bangor University ( DZANIE 2010 )ISSUES ANTICIPATED IN THE GROUP WORK AND SOLUTIONSOne peculiar issue I anticipate in the group work is the difference in the acquisition manners among group members. Forming a group with a high grade of single diverseness, will certainly amount to a different attack to acquisition and acquisition manners, which is normally influenced by civilization background and the larning environment they came from. Group members may be absorbing, suiting, diverging or meeting scholars and may be given to lend their attempt more expeditiously if acquisition is directed to their advantage. This was made apparent when I engaged in an experiment carried out by Professor Sally Sambrook ; in an attempt to place the acquisition manners of her pupils utilizing Kolb ‘s learning manner. I noticed that my learning manner was different in comparism to those of my friends as everyone ‘s learning manner differed from the other. However, in turn toing the issue of difference in larning manners. Group members should be assigned to undertakings in relation to 1s larning style/capabilities in order to acquire the best out of the person. Unifying a given undertaking with a individual larning manner penchant will give a positive consequence and hence increasing group efficiency. For illustration members who are diverges are better in making new thoughts and assemblage of information. Delegating a undertaking related to research will be best tailored to their learning manner, thereby giving their upper limit end product to the group. Second, group members are bound to prosecute in societal idleness. Social idleness occurs when a group member pretends to lend to the activities or attempt of the group. And this is normally seeable at the executing phase of group formation, where the undertaking and the aims of the group are good defined. An experiment conducted by Max Ringelmann ( 1913 ) as cited in Brown ( 2000 ) on societal idleness, asked a group of agribusiness pupils to draw a rope connected to a ergometer to enter the force exerted by the group. He thought that the bigger the size of the group the greater the force it exerted, he subsequently discovered that the force did n't increase proportionally with the size of the group. In consequence there were others in the group who put small attempt or none at all when drawing the rope. This behavior I anticipate in the group work, an attitude that is damaging to the effectivity of the group. However issues of societal idleness are best addressed by increasing the identifiability of group members. It is improbable to happen members prosecuting in societal idleness when they know they are been ascertained and evaluated separately, a instance of the Hawthorne consequence, when people tend to act otherwise when they know they are been observed. This will increase engagement of single members every bit good as the productiveness of the group. Pulling from my personal experiences with groups, I have noticed that comparatively big groups are normally the genteelness land for societal buming.Keeping a ample group in relation to the undertaking at manus with a clear division of labor in the group can minimise societal idleness. Despite the legion challenges faced in group work, workings in groups have proved to be effectual non merely in accomplishing group ends but besides has the inclination to develop the person. Working in groups can instil into the single certain properties such as a sense of duty through the division of labor, where group members are assigned undertaking. For illustration after a long period of working in groups in my undergraduate survey I realised that I have improved upon my communicating accomplishments an property that is necessary in the corporate universe. In add-on, prosecuting in group work particularly in a higher acquisition establishment, can fit a individual with a critical mentality in the reading and rating of academic stuffs, a mark of rational development.DecisionTo reason, this essay has identified my motive as triggered by both the worth of managerial accomplishments displayed by the operations director, which was clearly elaborated in Expectancy Theory and the Academic excellence of Bangor University utilizing Herzberg ‘s incentive and hygiene theory. It has besides highlighted my attack as a deep scholar coming into a new acquisition environment, which is strengthened by the instructor pupil relationship, work load and the learning establishment.And eventually the issues I anticipate in the group to be difference in larning manner and societal idleness.REFRENCESBass, Bernard ( 1990 ) . From transactional to transformational leading: acquisition to portion the vision. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, Issue 3, Winter , 1990, 19-31. Beardwell, J. & A ; , Claydon, T. ( 2007 ) Human Resource management.5th edition.Spain: Pearson Education Limited. Brown, R. ( 2000 ) Group Process.2nd edn.Reprint, England: Blackwell publication, 2004. Forsyth, D.R. ( 2009 ) Group Dynamics. 5th edn.Google books [ Online ] .Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.books.google.co.uk ( Accessed: 29 October 2010 ) Griffin, R.W. and Moorhe, G. ( 2007 ) Administration and people.9th edn. [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.books.google.co.uk ( Accessed: 20 October 2010 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessballs.com/kolblearningstyles.htm ( Accessed: 20 October 2010 ) . Kouzes, J. M. & A ; Posner, B. Z. ( 1987 ) . The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. McGill, I. & A ; Beaty, L. ( 1995 ) . Action Learning, 2nd edition: a usher for professional, direction and educational development Kogan Page, London. Mullins, L. J. ( 2005 ) Management and Organisational Behaviour.7th edn.Spain: Pearson instruction Limited Pogson, P. & A ; Tennant, M. ( 1995 ) . ‘Understanding Adults ‘ in Foley, G. erectile dysfunction. Understanding big instruction and preparation, St Leonards, Allen & A ; Unwin, pp.20-30 Ramsden, P. ( 2003 ) .Learning to learn in higher education.2nd edn.London: Routledge Tight, M. , Mok, K. H. , Huisman, J. , Morphew, C. C. ( 2009 ) The Routeledge International Handbook of Higher Eduaction..Google books [ Online ] .Available at: http//www.books.google.co.uk ( Accessed: 10 October 2010 )

A Proposed Sales and Inventory System for Mike

Republic of the Philippines BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY Balanga City, Philippines COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TITLE PROPOSAL Project Title: A Proposed Sales and Inventory System for Mike-Len Bakeshop Summary In business like merchandising, Sales and Inventory system plays an important role. It is used to track all the transactions made by the business and responsible for monitoring the items supplies. All the business transactions must be properly recorded and must be fully secured by password.A Computerized system is the best solution and most innovative answer for their needs. The researchers had been motivated to do a study on this topic according to the above observation. The result may help others to understand more about computer-generated data processing, especially on how to deal with computers in terms of speed, accuracy and data security. Monitoring the transactions and other significant information regarding the customer of Mike-Len Bakeshop i s the main concern of this study. Also covered in the study are saving of information and transaction records with the customers.The Sales and Inventory System is concern with the processing of the transactions of the customers and owner and saving the sales records at the same time. These saved records area filed and stored for future use. This computerized system is important to a company because through it, the owner can easily assist the customers and store data safely. And also the monitoring of stocks is the most important part of this system. Project Background Sales and Inventory system looks for a precise, user friendly, capable system that can help you in your inventory process. The business will manage the inventory in less time than using Microsoft excel.This inventory system will can be updated. Current State of Technology The business is using only Microsoft Excel. They enter manually in their inventory. Their inventory is not updating even if there is a deliver. The b usiness is allocating the breads in manual form. Even the expenses they compute it manually. Project Problem Statement The system run slowly it might be running like a turtle and it cannot respond for a while. And maybe the system is acting strangely oftentimes leave you wondering what has happened. The system been working just fine and later, seemingly without reason, it is doing strange.Project Assumption The proposed project will help in many benefits in your business. It is to lighter the inventory process of Mike-Len Bakeshop and finally integrate in modernization of technology in its process such as: Faster process of sales and inventory. Automatic update on products Minimizes paper works. Proponents Name: ADOPTANTE, Mark allain M. TANO Richelle P. YUMOL, Jacqueline B. Approved by: Mrs. Marissa Ramos Mr. Dennis Carlos Signature over Printed NameSignature over Printed Name Mrs. Maria Lolita Masangcap Signature over Printed Name

Alcoholism people

Chronic and often progressive illness involving the excessive inappropriate ingestion of ethyl alcohol, whether in the form of familiar alcoholic beverages or as a constituent of other substances. Alcoholism is thought to arise from a combination of a wide range of physiological, psychological, social, and genetic factors. It is characterized by an emotional and often physical dependence on alcohol, and it frequently leads to brain damage or early death. (Nicholas, 2001) Some 10 percent of the adult drinkers in the U. K. are considered alcoholics or at least they experience drinking problems to some degree.More males than females are affected, but drinking among the young and among women is increasing. Consumption of alcohol is apparently on the rise in the U. K. , countries of the former Soviet Union, and many European nations. This is paralleled by growing evidence of increasing numbers of alcohol-related problems in other nations, including the Third World. (Richard, 2006) Effects Alcohol has direct toxic as well as sedative effects on the body, and failure to take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolonged periods of excessive drinking may further complicate matters. Advanced cases often require hospitalization.The effects on major organ systems are cumulative and include a wide range of digestive-system disorders such as ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas, and cirrhosis of the liver. The central and peripheral nervous systems can be permanently damaged. Blackouts, hallucinations, and extreme tremor may occur. The latter symptoms are involved in the most serious alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Delirium Tremens, which can prove fatal if not treated or treated improperly. (Donald, 2000) This is in contrast to withdrawal from narcotic drugs such as heroin, which, although distressful, rarely results in death.Recent evidence has shown that heavy–and even moderate–drinking during pregnancy can cause serious damage to the unborn ch ild: physical or mental retardation or both; a severe expression of this damage is known as fetal alcohol syndrome. (Richard, 2006) Genetic and Behaviour factors Alcoholism is considered a disease which runs in families and results from genetics. According to Edenburg, â€Å"Alcoholism is a disease of the mind and body similar to other diseases like cancer†. Alcoholism is like cancer because both are based on the genes of the person, Edenburg feels.Edenberg is Chancellor's professor at the Indiana University School of Medicines and was the lead researcher for the study. Edenburg believes that even though there is not one single â€Å"gene that causes alcoholism†, the statistical link between genes and the risk for alcoholism is powerful. He has researched the GABRA2 gene, which is one of many genes that produce parts of the receptor for the brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA (Edenburg, 2004). Edenburg believes that the link between alcoholism and this ge ne is the strongest.His evidence came from the study he conducted that involved 2282 individuals from 262 families, all picked because each had 3 or more alcoholic family members. The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) has been working on the study for years. COGA is a federally funded effort whose objective is to identify and characterize those genetic factors. Over 1,000 alcoholic subjects and their families are in the study, with researchers conducting comprehensive psychological, physiological, electrophysiological, and genetic analyses. Several traits, or phenotypes, have been identified by the study that seem to be linked to genetics.Although environmental aspects are very important, these studies give solid evidence that genes play a major role. Adoption studies have also supported the role of inheritable factors concerning alcoholism (Fitzgerald, 1988). Researchers studied males and females that were adopted, comparing them with non-adopted siblings. Bo th males and females of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents were also studied. A child with alcoholic parents is four times as likely to become alcoholic than one with non-alcoholic parents, even if the child was adopted and raised in non-alcoholic families.(Ann & Gary, 2004) If adopted children with alcoholic parents whom lived with non-alcoholic foster parents are still four times more likely to become alcoholics, it proves that genes are more to blame. Furthermore being raised by a biological alcoholic parent did not increase the likelihood of developing alcoholism (Fitzgerald, 1988). Robert Karp, PhD, is the program director for genetics at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. He says that the end stage of alcoholism looks fairly similar, but there are many different ways to get there, so there are probably many different genetic causes (Elliot, 2001).Although some data points to a genetic basis for alcoholism, other studies go in the other direction. A study published in Science News that tested 356 pairs of twins showed minimal correlation with alcoholism and genetic factors. The report supports the opinion of many scientists that think environmental factors play a larger role in alcoholism than genes (Bower, 1992). The study was among women of all ages and among men with drinking problems that surfaced in childhood.The researchers tested 85 pairs of male identical twins and 44 pairs of female identical twins (sharing the same genes), and 96 pairs of male fraternal twins and 43 pairs of female fraternal twins (sharing half of their genes), along with 88 pairs of opposite-sex fraternal twins. (Donald, 2000) To choose the sets of twins, the researchers would find on twin who had undergone treatment for alcohol dependence or abuse, then sought out the other twin. The study suggests that family influences have a greater effect on these people than their genes do, reports psychologist Matt McGue of the University of Minnesota and his collea gues.McGue feels that environmental factors are more to blame for the development of alcoholism with this study as evidence. McGue's team also reports that genes play a larger role in alcoholism for the men whose problem emerged during childhood. According to McGue, â€Å"Although the data emphasize environmental influences on alcoholism, they also indicate that consistent delinquent and cruel behavior derives from important genetic effects. â€Å"((Nicholas, 2001) Some experts consider alcoholism to not only derive from genetic causes, but also environmental causes.According to Donald, family studies have repeatedly confirmed that the risk of alcoholism is higher among parents, siblings, and children with relatives that are alcoholics. While genetics may play an important role, there are other factors that can influence individual biological susceptibility to the effects of alcoholism (Donald, 2000). The fact that alcohol abuse is linked to behavioral and environmental factors le ads to the point that genetics act together along with other non-genetic factors (Mawr, 2002). Alcohol abuse is very likely to involve multiple genes that control various aspects of the biological response to alcohol.Environmental factors amplify the chance of alcoholism when mixed with these genes(Heath and Nelson, 2002). Some experts agree that both genetics and environmental factors play equal roles in alcoholism. According to Howard J. Edenberg, alcoholism is a â€Å"complex disease†, which means that many genes as well as environmental factors play a role. It is known that addiction runs in families, but how is it transmitted? Are we born with an ‘addiction gene' or with an ‘addictive personality', or are we taught addictive behavior by our family and society? This classic question of nature vs. nurture is answered with a qualified â€Å"both.† (Heath and Nelson, 2002) Psychoanalytic theories make some intuitive sense since many alcoholics have immatur e social skills. They often turn to alcohol to help cope with life stresses. Despite this intuitive appeal, there are little prospective data to support these theories. An alcohol dependent person may exhibit dependent traits, however, these traits are just as likely to result from chronic alcohol use as they are to lead to it. (Ann & Gary, 2004) Even if correlations exist between alcohol abuse and dependent personalities, it is not clear which is the cause and which is the effect.Treatment Treatment of the illness increasingly recognizes alcoholism itself as the primary problem needing attention, rather than regarding it as always secondary to another, underlying problem. Treatment is administered in specialized residential treatment facilities, separate units within general or psychiatric hospitals, outpatient clinics, and physicians' offices. (Richard, 2006) As the public becomes more aware of the nature of alcoholism, the social stigma attached to it decreases, alcoholics and th eir families tend to conceal it less, and diagnosis is not delayed as long.Earlier and better treatment has led to encouragingly high recovery rates. (Donald, 2000) In addition to managing physical complications and withdrawal states, treatment involves individual counseling and group therapy techniques aimed at complete and comfortable abstinence from alcohol and other mood-changing drugs of addiction. Such abstinence, according to the best current evidence, is the desired goal, despite some highly controversial suggestions that a safe return to social drinking is possible.Addiction to other drugs, particularly tranquilizers and sedatives, poses a major hazard to alcoholics. Antabuse, a drug that produces a violent intolerance for alcohol as long as the substance remains in the body, is sometimes used after withdrawal. (Doug, 2005) Alcoholics Anonymous, a support group commonly used for those undergoing other treatment, in many cases helps alcoholics to recover without recourse to formal treatment or facilitates sustained remission in those who completed formal treatment.Two pharmacotherapies, naltrexone and acamprosote, have recently been shown to reduce the chances for relapse to alcohol dependence when used in combination with psychosocial treatment. Conclusion After reading through many articles about how Alcoholism is a disease, I found that the evidence proving it false was a lot greater than evidence proving it was in fact a disease. The research and facts provided revolved around a physical change in ones system, or â€Å"tolerance†.With any substance that is introduced to the body, it becomes familiar with it and can withstand more of a dose that normal. This does not mean that one is becoming â€Å"dependant† on it or will have trouble not using the substance. It simply means that his body is adjusted to the levels that he his inducing. The process is similar to that of exercising. If one has never jogged before, he will find it hard t o go the distances that a regular runner can, without losing breath or pausing.With repetition and constant practice though, he will find that he is able to travel longer distances without tiring out. Independent studies abroad have shown that one of the major reasons disproving â€Å"Alcoholism as a Disease† is that when treated with a program such as AA, the drinker, or â€Å"patient†, is confronted with stopping drinking cold and taking control of their lives. If Alcoholism was in fact an uncontrollable disease, that takes control of various organs and functions of the body as it deteriorates them, one would not be able to do this process successfully.References Ann W. Lawson, Gary Lawson, (2004), â€Å"Alcoholism and the Family: A Guide to Treatment and Prevention† (2nd edition) Motivation Pr. Bower, Bruce. (1992) Science News. Alcoholism: Nurture May Often Outdo Nature Washington: Vol. 141, Iss. 5; p. 69 http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb Donald W. Goodwin (2 000) â€Å"Alcoholism: The Facts† ; 3 edition Oxford University Press, USA Doug Thorburn, (2005) â€Å"Alcoholism Myths and Realities: Removing the Stigma of Society's most Destructive Disease† Galt Publishing Edenberg, Howard J (2004) Medical Letter on the CDC FDA.Alcoholism; Alcoholism risk linked to gene involved in brain chemistry Atlanta: p. 10 http://gateway. proquest. com/openurl Elliot, Victoria Stagg (Ed. ). (2001). Addictive Cocktail: Alcoholism and genetics. AMedNews. http://www. ama-assn. org/amednews/2001/02/05/hlsa0205. htm Fitzgerald, Kathleen Whalen. (1988), Alcoholism: The Genetic Inheritance, New York: Doubleday Heath, Andrew C and Elliot C Nelson. (2002) â€Å"Alcohol Research and Health. Effects of the interaction between genotype and environment: Research into the genetic epidemiology of alcohol dependence†, Washington: Vol.26, Iss. 3; p. 193 http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb Mawr, Bryn. (2002) Senior Seminar in Neural and Behavioral Sciences . Nature, Nurture, and Evolution. Haverford College. Nicholas A. Pace. (2001) â€Å"Alcoholism Is a Disease† Alcohol. William Dudley, Ed. Teen Decisions Series. Greenhaven Press Richard Fields, (2006). â€Å"Drugs in Perspective† McGraw-Hill College Volpicelli, Joseph R. , â€Å"Alcohol Dependence: Diagnosis, Clinical Aspects, And Biopsychosocial Causes† http://www. doctordeluca. com/Documents/AlcDependenceOverviewVolpicelli. htm

Is Facebook boosting or hindering communication

Is Facebook boosting or hindering communication? Facebook is the most famous commonly used social media. It has become the preferred method for keeping in touch with people. Almost every young person has at least one Facebook account. However useful it might be in social life and education, Facebook brought about a set of new barriers and threats in these areas. There is an irony in the sense that social media, like Facebook, has the ability to make us less social.Doubtless it may be stimulating to feel so connected with others, and et there is no way to deny that underneath this feeling, there is a sense of emptiness. Robin Sharma agrees with that fact in his book The Greatness Guide by saying that the more we are electronically connected, the more we are emotionally disconnected. In other words, while people spend many hours of their days on Facebook chatting, posting status and wishing happy birthdays and engagements to one another, they forget about the importance of conversation in the traditional way.They completely forget about the effectiveness of sitting to dinner with the family or hanging out with friends. In a word, Facebook is gradually robbing people of what distinguishes them as human beings. Not only does Facebook make us less social, but also sometimes conveys a completely different reality about its users. Anyone can hide behind Facebook posts, giving any image they want about themselves and creating an illusion about their personality. They can be whoever they want, depending on the fact that their audiences have no hoice but to be confused, having no verbal communication.So, our only real method of communication is through voice-to-voice or face-to-face communication. It is only through this way that when one hears a tone of voice or looks into someone's eyes, they are able to know when â€Å"l am okay† does not mean they are okay at all. Thus, without any means of communication but phrases, abbreviations, snippets and emoticons on Fa cebook, one can never be sure whether these things are accurate representations of the truth.As for education, students, no doubt, owe Facebook a lot for facilitating their education process, but still it is a main contributor to the failure of many of them. Although Facebook plays a role in breaking the ice between colleagues in schools or universities, it wastes much of their time in chatting about trivial matters. It is true Facebook helps students keep updated with the latest news about their studies, even if they are absent from schools or universities.But student rumourmongers ruin verything by spreading so much false news that any news by any student is subject to suspicion, which turns the advantage into a disadvantage. This way Facebook is more of a waste of time for students. Facebook. Now compare this time to the time you spend in real life with your family, friends and your colleagues at school, university or work. Try to make the decision of making the best use of Faceb ook and try to avoid as many of its disadvantages as possible. Out of my own experience, the time and relations you are going to revive are worth giving a try.

Audience Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Audience Analysis - Essay Example In defining a certain audience, detailed consideration of their culture, age, values, beliefs, background knowledge, or assumptions on the subject is fundamental. It ensures an appropriate tone, style, language, and content in passing the information. Thus, demographics, dispositions, and knowledge of the topic are the basis of an audience analysis. My audience entails all Hawaii residents who reside in the islands of Oahu, Kauai, and Maui. Addressing this audience is very significant since they are the main beneficiaries of the project and possible victims of the environmental problems it may cause. The will economically benefit from cheap and quick transport across the shores and the environmental and economical effects associated with the project will influence their lives since they are immediate to the shores. As such, an environmental assessment of the project will suit them and call for their action. They assume that the ferry will jeopardize their occupation. They also love their indigenous plants and animals. Hence, they fear that the emissions, effluents, and solid wastes from the ferry will kill their indigenous plants and animals. Actually, Nene,  a large goose is Hawaiis state bird (Pacific island Travel Web). They prefer less of technology and enjoy their good life. Hence, they disregard the ferry. The Hawaii residents have fear that the ferry will cause traffic at the port and severely affect the whales. Hawaii residents also venture in agriculture where they grow coffee beans, bananas, and  macadamia  nuts. The tourist business is Hawaiis largest source of outside income and hence they treat the islands with utmost care. They celebrate cultural events and canoe races. Traditional Hawaiian Islands residents have a diverse traditional culture and customs which they seek to maintain and celebrate. English and Hawaii are the most dominant languages in

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Summary - Essay Example b. The issue is clearly stated and there can be no confusion in regard to its aspects. It should be noted that the issue is made clear in the following two ways: a) direct reference is made to the issue and b) the potential implications of the issue for humans and the planet are mentioned, leading the reader to the identification of the article’s main issue. b. The conclusion is clearly stated. In fact, in the last paragraph the author notes that ‘weve remained too silent for far too long’; this phrase illustrates the view of the author in regard to the strategy followed up today for handling the particular problem. c. The conclusion is related to the question raised in this article but not directly. In fact, the conclusion highlights the fact that no action has been taken up today for addressing global population growth but it does not focus on the key reason for which such action should be taken. a. The reasons that support the evidence are differentiated: a) for Paul Ehrlich, the continuous global population growth could result to a chaos, b) in the context of an article published in Time magazine, global population growth could lead to the increase of instability and c) the magazine Scientific American has promoted the idea that global population growth would threaten the availability of food. b. The first of the above reasons is based on a personal belief of Paul Ehrlich; the relationship between global population growth and instability is based on the personal experience of the General Michael Hayden, the author of the article published in Time magazine. As of the third reason, the relationship between global population growth and increased food needs is based on the personal belief of the American economist, as this belief is probably resulted from the study of demographic trends in countries worldwide. c. The evidence is related to the conclusion but not directly. In fact the evidence helps to understand the reasons for which initiatives

Creative writing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative writing - Term Paper Example Now 32, he has talked to Carla about starting a family. She finds the thought appealing, but wonders what things the couple should know before having a baby. They decide to consult her family doctor for advice. Starting a family is a major life step for any couple, and understanding and having reasonable expectations can make it a very happy and joyous experience. Frankly, there are some things in our lives that are not very healthy. Think about your pregnancy like a recipe that has steps that are very important, as a matter of fact, some of the steps are critical. Those critical steps are stages during your pregnancy that directly impact your baby. If you make wise decisions and change just a few aspects of your lifestyle now, there will not be any problems during the pregnancy. Now, there are some very basic things to understand about a pregnancy that are totally out of our control. Your body is made up of over 30,000 Genes that basically determine things like eye color and hair color. They also can determine if the baby is going to have a certain disease, like Down syndrome or Cystic Fibrosis. These genes and what they do are called Heredity Factors. Both parents contribute to the genes that the baby will have, and help determine how important those Heredity Factors are. There are tests that can help determine that the baby is going to be healthy, but we cannot change the baby’s genes and how they affect their development. There are things that directly affect the baby, these are called environmental factors. The environmental factors are things that we live with every day, and unlike the Heredity Factors, we can change our environmental factors. A good example of an environmental factor that can and should change is Anthony’s chemical exposure at his work. Anytime Anthony sprays or mixes a chemical he uses, he exposes himself to small trace amounts of those chemicals that he